Different formats in Perl

Formats  are defined by using a keyword format and ended by a dot(.) and to write using that format we have to assign this value to system variable $~.
Below are some examples of formats:

Program Code:
#! /Perl/bin/perl



$~ ="MYFORMATHEADER";
write;



format MYFORMATHEADER=
===========================================
This line contains special character @
"<"
===========================================
.




Output:

Program Code:
#! /Perl/bin/perl

print("Enter a string\n");
@input=<STDIN>;

$str=join("",@input);


$~ ="MYFORMATHEADER";
write;



format MYFORMATHEADER=
======================================================
The input is
 @*
$str
======================================================
.




Output:

Program Code:
#! /Perl/bin/perl

print("Enter a string to write it into a file\n");
@input=<STDIN>;
$str=join("",@input);

open(FILE,">abhi1.txt");
select(FILE);

&write_output;

select(STDOUT);
&write_output;

sub write_output{
$~ = "FORMAT1";
write;
}




format  FORMAT1=
======================================================
The input is following:
 @*
$str

Above lines are written in file named abhi1.txt
======================================================
.




Output:

Program Code:
Output:
Program Code:
Output:
Program Code:
Output:
Program Code:
Output:
Program Code:
Output:

Read More

Format Headers in Perl

Program Code:
#! /Perl/bin/perl

print("Enter a sentence\n");

open(FILE,">abhi1.txt");
select(FILE);
$~ = STDOUT1;
$^=STDOUT1_TOP;
$= =65;

$line=<STDIN>;
write;

close(FILE);



format STDOUT1_TOP=


Page @<<
$%
======================================================
.


format STDOUT1=
======================================================
Hi this is page content
@<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
$line
======================================================

.
Output:

The file abhi1.txt

Program Code:
#! /Perl/bin/perl


$~=STDOUT1;
$^=STDOUT1_TOP;
write;




format STDOUT1_TOP=
======================================================
This is the header of the page.
Page  number is  @<
$%
======================================================
.


format STDOUT1=

Hi this is page content


.
Output:

Read More

File handling in Perl

1)Checking the file existence:
Program Code:
#! /Perl/bin/perl

unless(open(IN, "abhi3.txt")) {
  if(-e "abhi3.txt")
{
die ("file can't be opened");
}
else
{
die("File doesn't exist");
}
}

print("File Exist!!!!!!!!!!!");

Output:

2)File Reading:
Program Code:
#! /Perl/bin/perl


if(open(FILE,"abhi.txt"))
{
$line=<FILE>;
while($line ne "")
{
print($line);
$line=<FILE>;
}
}
else
{
print("Can't open the specified file");

}
Output:

3)File Reading using Array
Program Code:
#! /Perl/bin/perl

unless (open(FILE, "abhi.txt")) {
 die ("cannot open input file\n");
 }

@array=<FILE>;

print("@array");

Output:

4)File Writing:In this program i am reading the contents from file abhi and writing that content to another file abhi1.

Program Code:
#! /Perl/bin/perl

unless (open(IN, "abhi.txt")) {
 die ("cannot open input file\n");
 }
unless (open(OUT, ">abhi1.txt")) {
 die ("cannot open output file\n");
 }

$line=<IN>;
while($line ne "")
{
print OUT ($line);
$line=<IN>;
}
print("Written Successfully");



Output:

5)File Merging:Int this program i have read the contents of abhi and abhi1 file and then merged it.
Program Code:
#! /Perl/bin/perl

unless (open(IN, "abhi.txt")) {
 die ("cannot open input file\n");
 }
unless (open(IN1, "abhi1.txt")) {
 die ("cannot open output file\n");
 }
$line=<IN>;
$line1=<IN1>;
while($line ne " " || $line1 ne " ")
{
if($line ne " ")
{
print ($line);
$line=<IN>;
}

if($line1 ne " ")
{
print ($line1);
$line1=<IN1>;
}
}



Output:

Read More

List count in Perl

Method 1:
Program Code:
#! /Perl/bin/perl

print ("Enter the start number:\n");
$start = <STDIN>;
chop ($start);
print ("Enter the end number:\n");
$end = <STDIN>;
chop ($end);
@list=($start..$end);
$count=0;
print("Here is the list \n");
while ($list[$count] != 0 || $list[$count-1] == -1 || $list[$count+1] == 1) {
print ("$list[$count]\n");
$count++;

}
Output:

Method 2:
Program Code:
#! /Perl/bin/perl

print ("Enter the start number:\n");
$start = <STDIN>;
chop ($start);
print ("Enter the end number:\n");
$end = <STDIN>;
chop ($end);
@list=($start..$end);
$len=1;
$count=@list;
print("Elements of list are\n");
while($len<=$count){
print("$list[$len-1]\n");
$len++;

}
Output:

Read More

List all files in a directory using Perl

To read files from any directory first we have to access that directory. We have used opendir() to get that directory.Now to get all the files we have used readdir() so that all the files are listed in that directory.At last we have closed the directory.

Program Code:
# !/Perl/bin/perl

opendir (DIR,"C:/Perl64") ||die("Can't open the  specified directory");

while($file=readdir (DIR)){

print("$file \n");
}


closedir (DIR);

Output:

Read More

Pattern matching in Perl

Program Code:
#!/Perl/bin/perl

print("Enter the question you want to ask \n");
$input=<STDIN>;
if($input =~ /please/)
{
print("You are good in nature.My name is Abhishek \n");
}
else
{
print("First use word please");

}

Output:

Program Code:
#!/Perl/bin/perl

print("We are searching a pattern which ends with letter a in word pragma\n");
print("Patterns we found in this word are\n");
while("pragma" =~ /.a/g)
{
$match=$&;
print("$match \n");

}

Output:

Program Code:
#!/Perl/bin/perl

$string="hi this is abhishek\n my name is abhishek";
print("We are searching a pattern with comparison in multiple lines\n");
print("Patterns we found in this word are\n");
$string =~ /^hi/m;
$match=$&;
print("$match \n");


Output:

Program Code:
#!/Perl/bin/perl

print("Enter the sentences \n");
$input=<STDIN>;
while($input ne " ")
{
chop($input);
@words=split(/ +/,$input);

$count+=@words;
print("Total number of words till now are $count \n");
$input=<STDIN>;


}

Output:

Read More

Rand() function in Perl

rand() function is used to generate a random number.
First it will generate a random number between 0 and 1 and then it will multiply it with the number which is passed as argument in rand() function.So whatever is the argument the number generated will be always less than that number.

Random Numbers less than 5
Program Code:
#! /Perl/bin/perl

$count= 1;
while($count<=20){
$randnum=int(rand(5))+1;
print(int(rand(5)));
print("\n");
$randtotal[$randnum]+=1;
$count++;


}

Output:

Random Numbers less than 10
Program Code:
#! /Perl/bin/perl

$count= 1;
while($count<=20){
$randnum=int(rand(10))+1;
print(int(rand(10)));
print("\n");
$randtotal[$randnum]+=1;
$count++;

}

Output:

Read More

sleep in Perl

Sleep is used to stop Perl interpreter executing the next statement for the specified time

In following example the next statement will be executed after 60 seconds.

Program Code:

# !/Perl/bin/perl

print("This is a demo of sleep function\n");

print("After this line program wil sleep for 1 minutes\n");

sleep(60);

print("Hey i am ready now");

  

Output:

After 60 seconds 

Read More

Various string operations in Perl

Program Code:
#! /Perl/bin/perl

$var=1234;
$var="This is the number with value $var \n";
print($var);


$var=12;
print("This is a number with value $var \n");


# \L is used to convert the letters to lower case and \E is used to disable the effect of \L
$var = "T\LHIS IS A \ESTRING \n"; # same as "This is a STRING"
print($var);

#If you want to print the $ or " or \ use escape character \ to print all this
$var=12;
print("This is a number with value of \$var is $var \n");


# ascii value of any character in octal using /nnn notation where nnn is an octal number
$var="\120";
print($var);
print("\n");


# ascii value of any character in hexadecimal using /xnn notation where nnn is an octal number
$var="\x56";
print($var);



Output:

Program Code:
#! /Perl/bin/perl

print("Enter a line \n ");

$input=<STDIN>;

print("UpperCase: \U$input\n");

print("LowerCase: \L$input\n");


#\u forces to print first letter in capital letter
print("A sentence: \L\u$input\n");


$text = 'This string contains \', a quote character';
print($text,"\n");

$text = 'This is two lines of text';
print($text);

Output:

Read More

Subroutines in Perl

Subroutines are like functions in C language.We can define a subroutine by writing sub and then variable name.
For example:
sub read{
$line=<STDIN>;
}
Above is a subroutine which is used to read input from Standard Input Device (such as Keyboard).
When we have to call the subroutine we add & before that subroutine name.
For Example:
           &read;

Program Code:
#!/Perl/bin/perl

print("Enter a sentence\n");

while(1)
{
&read;
last if($line eq "");
print($line);
}
sub read{
$line=<STDIN>;
}
print("done");

Output:

2)Local Variables in Subroutine:

Program Code:
#! /Perl/bin/perl

print("I have declared a local variable and it can't be accessed from outside the subroutine\n");


$calc=&addition;
print("The value returned by subroutine is  $calc \n");
print("The value of local variable outside the subroutine is $total \n Since we are accessing it from outside the subroutine\n");

sub addition
{
my($total)=50;
return $total;
}

Output:

3)Subroutine with Arguments:
A subroutine can have arguments as well.We can accept arguments in subroutine by using the following statement:
my($num1,$num2)=@_;
where num1 and num2 are local variables for this subroutine.@_ is the placeholder.

Program Code:
#! /Perl/bin/perl

print("Enter first number\n");
$first=<STDIN>;

print("Enter second number\n");
$second=<STDIN>;

$calc=&addition($first,$second);
print("The sum of numbers is  $calc \n");

sub addition
{
my($num1,$num2)=@_;
$total=$num1+$num2;
}

Output:

4)Subroutine Forward Reference:
If we will declare the subroutine before calling it then there is no need to & at the time of subroutine calling.

Program Code:
#! /Perl/bin/perl

print("Enter a sentence\n");

sub read;  #forward reference
while(1)
{
#now there is no need to use & before subroutine name but sometimes it doesn't work
&read;
last if($line eq "");
print($line);
}
sub read{
$line=<STDIN>;
}

print("done");

Output:

Read More

Upper case to Lower Case In Perl

Program Code:

#!/Perl/bin/perl

print("Enter a sentence to convert into lower form\n");
while($input=<STDIN>)
{
$input=~ tr/A-Z/a-z/;
print($input);
}




Output:

Read More

Variable Validation in Perl

Program Code:

#!/Perl/bin/perl

print("Enter the variable name \n");
$input=<STDIN>;
chop($input);

if($input =~ /^\$[A-Za-z][_0-9a-zA-Z]*/)
{
print("$input is a valid scalar variable name in perl \n");
}

elsif($input =~ /^\@[A-Za-z][_0-9a-zA-Z]*/)
{
print("$input is a valid array variable name in perl \n");
}

else
{
print("$input is not valid \n");

}


Output:

Read More

Warn in Perl

Program Code:

# !/Perl/bin/perl

print ("Enter 0 or 1\n");
$input=<STDIN>;
if($input==0){

warn("Hi This is a warning\n");
}
else{

warn("Hi This is a warning with info about the program");
}


print("\nActually i was just giving u warning");

print("\n I have no privilege to terminate your program");


Output:

Read More

die in perl

When we want to abort the program then we can use die.If we will use "\n" at the end then it will not explain the line number where it has aborted and other info. If you will not use "\n" at end then it will give the info.

Program Code:

# !/Perl/bin/perl

print ("Enter 0 or 1\n");
$input=<STDIN>;
if($input==0){

die("Hi i am about to die\n");
}
else{

die("Hi i am about to die with info about the program");
}

Output:

Read More

Sub Routines in Perl

In this post i will explain some subroutine in Perl.

1)AUTOLOAD subroutine: 

In perl , if this subroutine is defined in the package, then if any undefined subroutine in that package is called then then the statements of this AUTOLOAD subroutine are executed.
For example in below example i have called a subroutine
&subroutine_not_present(12,23,"hi");
which is not present.When this program is executed and perl will not found the called subroutine it will call the AUTOLOAD subroutine which is present in the program.

Program Code:
#! /Perl/bin/perl

&subroutine_not_present(12,23,"hi");

AUTOLOAD
{
print("Can't find $AUTOLOAD subroutine\n");
print("Argumens to that subroutine are @_");
}

Output:

2)BEGIN Subroutine:

If the program contains any subroutine named as BEGIN then that subroutine will be executed first before executing any other statement of that program.A program can have more than one BEGIN subroutine.If this is the case then these are executed on the basis of order in which they have defined.

Program Code:
#! /Perl/bin/perl

BEGIN{

print("I am printing from BEGIN subroutine\n");
print("And interesting thing is that \nwe don't need to call this routine\n");
print("It is automatically called\n");
}

BEGIN{
print("And another interesting fact about this is that there can be\n");
print("more than one BEGIN routines in a single program.\n");
print("They are called in the order in which they are specified in the program.");
}

Output:

3)END Subroutine:

This subroutine is called after the last statement of the program has been executed.A program can contain more than one END subroutine.If this is the case then these are executed in the reverse order.

Program Code:
#! /Perl/bin/perl
END{
print("And another interesting fact about this is that there can be\n");
print("more than one END routines in a single program.\n");
print("They are called in the opposite order in which they are specified in the program."); 
}
END{
print("I am printing from END subroutine\n");
print("And interesting thing is that \nwe don't need to call this routine\n");
print("It is automatically called\n");
}

Output:

Read More

Array Sorting in Perl

In this post i have written a code to sort an array.

Program Code:

#! /Perl/bin/perl

print("Enter elemnets of array to be sorted\n Enter an empty line to quit\n");
$count=1;
$inputline=<STDIN>;
chop($inputline);
while($inputline ne "")
{
@array[$count-1]=$inputline;
$count++;
$inputline=<STDIN>;
chop($inputline);
}
$count=1;
while($count<@array)
{
$x=1;
while($x<@array)
{
if($array[$x-1] gt $array[$x])
{
@array[$x-1,$x]=@array[$x,$x-1];
}
$x++;
}
$count++;
}

print("@array\n");

Ouput:

Read More

Array in perl

1)Length of Array:

To find  the length of any given array just use a scalar variable and do the following:

$len=@array;

where len is a scalar variable and array is an array variable

Program Code:
#! /Perl/bin/perl

@array=(1,2,3,4,5,6);
$len=@array;

print("Length of array is $len");

Output:
Length of array is 6

2)Array Modification:

We can modify array elements after defining an array.We can add more elements in the array by using following statement :
@array[3..6]=(6,7,8,9);

Program Code:
#! /Perl/bin/perl

@array=(1,2,3);
print("Original Array \n@array\n");
@array[3..6]=(6,7,8,9);
print("Array after modification \n@array");

Output:

Original Array
1 2 3
Array after modification

1 2 3 6 7 8 9

Read More

Array Functions in Perl

1)join():

This function is used to join the elements using some specific character which has been passed as argument in this function. So the first character is used to join the elements and then after that we can pass as many arguments as possible.These arguments can be either strings,numbers  or array.

#! /Perl/bin/perl
@array=(I,am,a,good,boy);
$str=join(":",@array,1,2,"no","its");
print($str);

Output:

         I:am:a:good:boy:1:2:no:its

2)split():

This function is used to split an string on the basis of some character which is passed as the first argument in this method.

#! /Perl/bin/perl
$str="I:am:good";
@array=split(":",$str);
print("@array");

Output:

I am good

Read More

Array Functions in Perl:Chop()

chop():

The chop function is used to remove the last character of any element.
I have taken the example of array and then applied the chop() function on it.

 #! /Perl/bin/perl
@array=(aa,bb,cc,dd,ee,fd,gf,hg,sd);
print("Array before chopping\n");
print("@array\n");
chop(@array);
print("\nArray after chopping");
print("\n@array");

@array=(aas,bbsd,ccdsf,dddff,eefd,fdg,gfg,hggjh,sdhh);
print("\nArray before chopping\n");
print("@array\n");
chop(@array);
print("\nArray after chopping");
print("\n@array");

Output:

Read More

Array Functions in Perl:Sort()

In this post i will explain the functions that can be used with array in Perl.

sort():

This function is used to sort the elements of an array. This function is specially used to sort elements of type string.

#! /Perl/bin/perl

print("Enter elements(only 0-9) of array to be sorted\n Enter Ctrl+Z to quit on windows\n");
@array=<STDIN>;
print("The elements of array before sorting are ");
print("@array\n");
@array=sort(@array);
print("The elements of sorted array are ");
print("@array");

Output:

We can also use this method to sort integers but their range should be between 0-9. Since this method will compare the first character of elements first and after that if they are equal then it check for second character. It compares in this way because this method is used to sort strings. I have supplied input between 0-9 and the output is given below 

But if we will give input beyond this range then the output will not be correct.

See below output screen 

Read More

Array Alias in Perl

In this post i will explain about aliases in array
In the program first we have defined one scalar variable and an array variable with same name, We printed the value of variable which is 100.After that we have called a subroutine with argument. In this subroutine the values of array will be printed.After that i have changed the value of scalar variable which will also change the value of  global variable.

#! /Perl/bin/perl

print("In this program we will see the effect of alias in array and scalar variable");

$var=100;
@var=(1,2,3,4);

print("\n\nThe value of \$var before subroutine call is $var\n");

&test_alias_sub(*var);

print("The value of \$var after subroutine call  is  $var\n");

sub test_alias_sub{
local(*array)=@_;
foreach $element(@array){
print("$element\n");
}
$array=200;
}

Output:

Read More

Arrays in Perl

In this post i will explain about the arrays in Perl.
When we want to declare an array variable we will use @ symbol so that perl can know that it is an array variable.
for ex
           @array=(1,2,3);

Suppose we  have  the following statement:
        @array=(1,    2    ,    3 );
Then
      print(@array,"\n");
What will be printed?
Elements of array will be printed without any spaces in between them

123

Now
   print("@array\n");
What will be printed?
Elements of array will be printed with proper spacing

1 2 3

So if we will use @array  in quotes ("") then proper spacing will be done by Perl regardless of the spaces in between elements. But if we will not use quotes then no spacing will be provided by Perl(As in case 1)


Program Code

#! /Perl/bin/perl

@array=(1,    2    ,    3 );
print(@array,"\n");
print("@array\n");

Read More

Arithmetic Operations in Perl

Program Code

#!/Perl/bin/perl

$var=2;
print("The value assigned to variable initially is ".$var."\n After Multiplication ");
$var=$var*2;
print($var,"\n After Addition and subtraction ");
$var=3+45-23;
print($var);

Output

Read More

Pagination using Bootstrap

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<link href="css/style.css" rel="stylesheet">
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">
<title>My First Bootstrap Application</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/bootstrap.css">

</head>
<body>
<h3 class="head">This page contains an example of pagination.
</h3>
<nav>
  <ul class="pagination">
    <li>
      <a href="#" aria-label="Previous">
        <span aria-hidden="true">&laquo;</span>
      </a>
    </li>
    <li><a href="#">1</a></li>
    <li><a href="#">2</a></li>
    <li><a href="#">3</a></li>
    <li><a href="#">4</a></li>
    <li><a href="#">5</a></li>
    <li>
      <a href="#" aria-label="Next">
        <span aria-hidden="true">&raquo;</span>
      </a>
    </li>
  </ul>
</nav>
<script src="js/jquery.js"></script>
  <script src="js/bootstrap.js"></script>
 
</body>
</html>

style.css

.col1{
background: red;
}
.col2{
background: green;
}
.col3{
background: yellow;
}
.col4{
background: blue;
}
.head{
background: yellow;
}

Read More

Link Alerts using Bootstrap

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<link href="css/style.css" rel="stylesheet">
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">
<title>My First Bootstrap Application</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/bootstrap.css">

</head>
<body>
<h3 class="head">This page contains an example alerts.
</h3>
<div class="alert alert-success" role="alert">
Hi <a href="http://www.google.com" class="alert-link">Click Here</a> to go to google home page.
</div>

<script src="js/jquery.js"></script>
  <script src="js/bootstrap.js"></script>
 
</body>
</html>



style.css

.col1{
background: red;
}
.col2{
background: green;
}
.col3{
background: yellow;
}
.col4{
background: blue;
}
.head{
background: yellow;
}

Read More

Dismissable alert using Bootstrrap

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<link href="css/style.css" rel="stylesheet">
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">
<title>My First Bootstrap Application</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/bootstrap.css">

</head>
<body>
<h3 class="head">This page contains an example alerts.
</h3>
<div class="alert alert-success dismissable-alert" role="alert">
<button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="alert" aria-label="close"><span aria-hidden="true">&times;</span></button>
Hi this is a dismissable alert message for success
</div>

<script src="js/jquery.js"></script>
  <script src="js/bootstrap.js"></script>
 
</body>
</html>


style.css

.col1{
background: red;
}
.col2{
background: green;
}
.col3{
background: yellow;
}
.col4{
background: blue;
}
.head{
background: yellow;
}

Read More

Different types of Alerts in Bootstrap

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<link href="css/style.css" rel="stylesheet">
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">
<title>My First Bootstrap Application</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/bootstrap.css">

</head>
<body>
<h3 class="head">This page contains an example alerts.
</h3>
<div class="alert alert-success" role="alert">
Hi this is a alert message for success
</div>
<div class="alert alert-info" role="alert">
Hi this is a alert message for information
</div>
<div class="alert alert-warning" role="alert">
Hi this is a alert message for warning
</div>
<div class="alert alert-danger" role="alert">
Hi this is a alert message for danger
</div>
<script src="js/jquery.js"></script>
  <script src="js/bootstrap.js"></script>
 
</body>
</html>



style.css

.col1{
background: red;
}
.col2{
background: green;
}
.col3{
background: yellow;
}
.col4{
background: blue;
}
.head{
background: yellow;
}

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Wells in Bootstrap

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<link href="css/style.css" rel="stylesheet">
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">
<title>My First Bootstrap Application</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/bootstrap.css">
</head>
<body>
<h3 class="head">This page contains an example of wells which are used to wrap a content within a rounded box.This can be used for notes and for any other inportant points.
</h3>
<div class="well">
<p>Hi I am learning bootstrap and i am just preparing some important points which will be beneficial for others who want to learn bootstrap.</p>
</div>
<script src="js/jquery.js"></script>
  <script src="js/bootstrap.js"></script>
</body>
</html>


style.css

.col1{
background: red;
}
.col2{
background: green;
}
.col3{
background: yellow;
}
.col4{
background: blue;
}
.head{
background: yellow;
}

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Thumbnail in Bootstrap

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<link href="css/style.css" rel="stylesheet">
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">
<title>My First Bootstrap Application</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/bootstrap.css">
</head>
<body>
<h3 class="head">This page contains an example of media objects which are used to display some media such as audio or video along with some textual information.
</h3>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm-6">
<a href="#" class="thumbnail">
<img src="css/a.png" alt="image">
</a>
<div class="caption">
<h2>Beautiful Image</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-sm-6">
<a href="#" class="thumbnail">
<img src="css/ab.png" alt="image">
</a>
<div class="caption">
<h2>Awesome Image</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<script src="js/jquery.js"></script>
  <script src="js/bootstrap.js"></script>
</body>
</html>


style.css

.col1{
background: red;
}
.col2{
background: green;
}
.col3{
background: yellow;
}
.col4{
background: blue;
}
.head{
background: yellow;
}

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Tab links in Bootstrap

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<link href="css/style.css" rel="stylesheet">
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">
<title>My First Bootstrap Application</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/bootstrap.css">
</head>
<body>
<h3 class="head">This page contains an example of tab like links.By default home page is active.
</h3>
<ul class="nav nav-tabs">
<li class="active"> <a href="#">Home</a></li>
<li ><a href="#">Jokes</a></li>
<li><a href="#">Help</a></li>
<li><a href="#">About Us</a></li>
</ul>

<script src="js/jquery.js"></script>
  <script src="js/bootstrap.js"></script>
</body>
</html>



style.css

.col1{
background: red;
}
.col2{
background: green;
}
.col3{
background: yellow;
}
.col4{
background: blue;
}
.head{
background: yellow;
}

Read More